Models and Different Types of Models in Ob - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1130 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. i. e. , language is not the only source of communication, there are other means also. NVC can be communicated through gestures and touch (Haptic communication), by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. NVC can be communicated through object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, symbols and infographics. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Dance is also regarded as a nonverbal communication. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Models and Different Types of Models in Ob" essay for you Create order However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. [1] History The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwins book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). He argued that all mammals show emotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fields, including , linguistics, semiotics and social psychology. Arbitrariness While much nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary symbols, which differ from culture to culture, a large proportion is also to some extent iconic and may be universally understood. Paul Ekmans influential 1960s studies of facial expression determined that expressions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise are universal. Proxemics: physical space in communication Proxemics: physical space in communication Proxemics is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is interpreted. The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures[3] and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space. The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space. [4] Hargie Dickson (2004, p. 69) identify 4 such territories: 1. Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owner’s permission. 2. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no â€Å"right† to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there. 3. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space. . Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it. Chronemics: time in communication Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way we perceive time, structure our time and reac t to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for communication. Time perceptions include punctuality and willingness to wait, the speed of speech and how long people are willing to listen. The timing and frequency of an action as well as the tempo and rhythm of communications within an interaction contributes to the interpretation of nonverbal messages. Gudykunst Ting-Toomey (1988) identified 2 dominant time patterns: Haptics: touching in communication A high five is an example of communicative touch. Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slapping, high fives, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, and scratching. [7] These behaviors are referred to as adapter or tells and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch. [8] Humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of non-verbal actions known as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are: smiling, touching,open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are known to be high contact culturesFunctions of nonverbal communication Argyle (1970) [11] put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations [12]. Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:[13] * Express emotions * Express interpersonal attitudes * To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners * Self-presentation of one’s personality * Rituals (greetings) Concealing deception Nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed. This is the conclusion of a study where people watched made-up interviews of persons accused of having stolen a wallet. The interviewees lied in about 50  % of the cases. People had access to either written transcripts of the interviews, or audio tape recordings, or video recordings. The more clues that were available to those watching, the larger was the trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful. That is, people that are clever at lying can use voice tone and face expression to give the impression that they are truthful [14] Difficulties with nonverbal communication People vary in their ability to send and receive nonverbal communication. Thus, on average, to a moderate degree, women are better at nonverbal communication than are men [36][37][38][39]. Measurements of the ability to communicate nonverbally and the capacity to feel empathy have shown that the two abilities are independent of each other [40]. For people who have relatively large difficulties with nonverbal communication, this can pose significant challenges, especially in interpersonal relationships. There exist resources that are tailored specifically to these people, which attempt to assist those in understanding information which comes more easily to others. A specific group of persons that face these challenges are those with autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome. Footnotes 1. ^ a b Knapp Hall, 2002, p. 7 2. ^ Grammer, Karl, Renninger, Leeann Fischer, Bettina (2004): Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: is she dressed to impress? Journal of sexual research 41 (1): 66-74. 3. ^ Segerstrale Molnar, 1997, p. 235 .

Many people especially teenagers are affected from...

Many people especially teenagers are affected from HIV/AIDS. HIV is a worldwide epidemic, which can be given from unprotected sex to sharing needles. HIV is a virus that can kill people by gradually killing their own immune systems. Therefore, the virus can take over all around the victims body. If someone is worried if they have HIV, it is important to go through diagnosis, treatments and prevention to HIV. Knowing how dangerous an epidemic like this is very important especially for someone who is thinking of having intercourse with their partner. It can be in many people who seem as if they are not sick. HIV can be spread through unprotected sex (oral, vaginal or anal), blood transfusion infected by this virus, or even a baby born†¦show more content†¦These tests detect the antibodies for each patient to these HIV viruses inside the blood. These are two tests. Both tests have to be positive to confirm the HIV infection to be totally true. To get better results, patien ts can take the complete blood count (CBC) and/or the white blood cell differential. Both tests can show all the abnormalities inside the blood of the body. Yet, if the results fully confirm that it is positive, it is important to get treatments as soon as possible. Nowadays, there are still no treatments to cure AIDS. However, there is a therapy called ART that can reduce the amount of viruses inside the body/ attacking the immune system. ART stands for antiretroviral virus. This is also known as HAART, which stands for highly active antiretroviral virus. This treatment will prevent the viruses from producing more of it, which will help the immune system gain strength and recover from the HIV infection. Though, this can give complications to the patient or any side effects. These side effects include: weakness, headache, nausea, having general sick feeling, having a collection of fat on the back, and diarrhea. Also, patients need to have a healthy type of diet to avoid any ris ks such as getting a heart attack. This is perhaps made by the high levels of cholesterol and sugar in the blood. For those not infected with any such HIV/AIDS, it is important to have abstinence. It is important to not get anyShow MoreRelatedThesis on Hiv5798 Words   |  24 PagesTHE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND PRACTICE IN THE PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MALE ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN SELECTED AREAS IN CAVITE An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Nursing University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Molino, Bacoor Cavite In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing CHARMAINE ROSE P. CABIGUNDA DIVINE GRACE M. HIFARVA ARIEL F. DELA PENA SHIELD LYN B. MALANO FRANCIS T. 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The Need And Importance Of Learner Management Systems Education Essay Free Essays

string(168) " bend will depend upon their general IT or package accomplishments and besides for how long they have been utilizing the system and how frequently they use the system\." Introduction I have worked in the Work based Learning proviso and hence understands the demand and importance of learner direction systems†¦ without which the whole system will be in muss. There is a batch of conformity demand as the programmes we provide are chiefly funded through the SFA ( Skills Funding Agency ) or ESF ( European Social support ) and inspected by the Ofsted. It is non possible for a individual individual to retrieve or organize all these things hence there is a demand for a LMS which will remind you to make the assorted things, generate appropriate studies, co-ordinate between the scholar, employer, coach, presenting organic structure and the support organic structure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need And Importance Of Learner Management Systems Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Work Based Learning has been defined nationally as ‘Learning for, at or through work ‘ Learning for work loosely encompasses ‘anything which can be labeled ‘vocational ‘ as delivered in school, college, sandwich classs, in BTEC Nationals in hairdressing/beauty and manner, mechanical technology, humanistic disciplines and ocular, or even wellness, kid and societal attention. Learning at work every bit related to developing and development delivered in-company such as Business direction accomplishments, client service, wellness and safety ; and Learning through work that includes the application of job-related acquisition ( perchance acquired elsewhere ) and the accomplishments and cognition acquired in the procedure of making the occupation such as athleticss manager, attention work, mechanics. Work Based Learning is one of the most popular flagship of the current and old authoritiess. The degrees of hapless attainment of accomplishments in the instruction sector had become a serious affair of grave concern. More and more kids were go forthing school without any accomplishments, needed cognition or direct vocational experience. They were mostly unemployable due to hapless literacy, numeracy, scientific and ICT accomplishments and represent a immense societal liability, which was manifested by their engagement in anti societal offenses, or hapless negative behavior forms, taking to detonations of their admittances into unafraid disciplinary penal establishments. The deficiency of accomplishments of the Youth in United Kingdom is besides a major concern to industry and employers. Rather than prosecute in ne’er stoping blasted addition, the new Government has launched enterprises that appear to go on with known policies of promoting work based larning chiefly Apprenticeship schemes to be equipped with the critical accomplishments needed to be gainfully employed . This survey relates merely to the funded work based learning proviso, all of which are in range for review by Ofsted ( Office for Standards in Education ) and audit by the support organic structures like SFA ( Skills Funding Agency ) , ESF ( European Social Funding ) etc. The procedures involved in the Work based proviso are much complex than the normal preparation colleges, besides as they are funded proviso they need to keep grounds that the money given by the support organic structures have been spent right as by the eligibility counsel and the undertaking counsel. Work Based Learning proviso involves three chief participants – the supplier, the employer and the scholar. As the complexnesss kept increasing the suppliers felt it really hard to pull off efficaciously the whole procedure this gave rise to the demand of a scholar direction system ( besides known as direction information system ) to administrate and pull off the whole procedure efficaciously and besides to cut down staffing cost and mistakes. Today there are tonss of package which are used by the WBL suppliers in UK, the chief being PICS by pellcomp package and Maytas by Tribal. Learner direction system does the occupation of the director†¦ it is non merely for pull offing the scholars but besides for helping the supplier for record maintaining, coverage and for communicating between the employer, supplier and the scholar. Learner Management system has ever been confused with the e-learning but really LMS is a portion of E-learning. By ‘e-learning ‘ we mean: ‘The bringing and disposal of larning chances and support via computing machine, networked and web-based engineering to assist single public presentation and development ‘ ( Pollard and Hillage, 2001 ) . There are assorted engineerings which contribute to e-learning for WBL suppliers viz. : Learner Management System – for pull offing scholar, employers, learning staff and for assorted conformity demands Learning Content direction system – It involves development, direction and publication of the content that will typically be delivered via a Learning Environment Learning Environment – Learning Environment is a environment where scholars and learning staff can interacts. VLE is a type of web-based acquisition environment which brings together in an incorporate environment, a scope of resources that enable scholars and staff to interact online, and includes content bringing and trailing. Learner Assessment System or E-portfolios – for on-line testing or measuring scholars A batch of research has been done on E-learning and VLE and besides Becta has been making research on the e-maturity of WBL suppliers, Becta research has greatly influenced this research and besides relevant information has been used from the Becta research as a secondary information which has formed the portion of determination of this research. RESEARCH AIM The purpose of the proposed research is to look into the user satisfaction of the Learner Management System used by the funded Work Based Learning Suppliers in Greater London. Research OBJECTIVES Its specific aims are to: Identify tendencies for WBL suppliers in their use of Learning Management systems look into the impact of Learning Management systems on the overall quality of proviso place for what different intent is the LMS being used by the suppliers look into the degree of staff accomplishments in the usage of LMS place whether clip spend by the user utilizing LMS has impact on the user satisfaction place how cost effectual the LMS system is and what impact it has on user satisfaction RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS The user satisfaction of the Learning Management systems amongst funded Work Based Learning suppliers depends on the undermentioned variables – Users skill Cost effectivity Functions the LMS supports User Skill will include how competent the users are in utilizing the Learning Management system which in bend will depend upon their general IT or package accomplishments and besides for how long they have been utilizing the system and how frequently they use the system. You read "The Need And Importance Of Learner Management Systems Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Cost Effectiveness will include the existent cost of the LMS, clip saved by the users utilizing the LMS, the decrease in the labor cost and the mistake decrease Functions the LMS support will include how helpful the LMS is in back uping through the assorted procedures of WBL, how good incorporate it is with other sytems A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if he/she is more skilled A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if it is cost-efficient A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if it support more maps Research Background: A turning tendency of instruction and preparation in UK is Work based Learning where employees, particularly immature 1s, are provided assorted signifiers of chances to develop and better their numeracy, literacy, ICT, client service and other related proficient and vocational accomplishments, cognition and practical industrial cognize how. It is widely acknowledged that to assist concerns to win in this clip of economic challenge, it is critical that employers invest in accomplishments. Training additions productiveness in the short termA – and employers who do n’t develop are two times more likely to neglect than those who do. Research shows that three in four concern people ( 76 % ) believe that their organisation would non win without investing in preparation, hence Work Based Learning is a really of import signifier of acquisition. Apprenticeships and Train to Derive are two most of import funded work based larning programmes.. Apprenticeship is a system of developing a new coevals of practicians of a accomplishment. Apprentices ( or in early modern use â€Å" learners † ) or proteges construct their callings from apprenticeships. Most of their preparation is done while working for an employer who helps the learners learn their trade, in exchange for their go oning labor for an in agreement period after they become skilled. Theoretical instruction may besides be involved, informally via the workplace and/or by go toing vocational schools while still being paid by the employer Apprenticeships have a long tradition in the United Kingdom, dating back to around the twelfth century and flourishing by the fourteenth century. The parents or defenders of a child would hold with a Guild ‘s Master craftsman the conditions for an apprenticeship which would adhere the child for 5-9 old ages ( e.g. from age 14 to 21 ) . They would pay a premium to the craftsman and the contract would be recorded in an indentation. In 1563, the Statute of Artificers and Apprentices was passed to modulate and protect the apprenticeship system, prohibiting anyone from practising a trade or trade without first functioning a 7-year period as an learner to a maestro. From 1601, ‘parish ‘ apprenticeships under the Elizabethan Poor Law came to be used as a manner of supplying for hapless, illicit and orphaned kids of both sexes alongside the regular system of skilled apprenticeships, which tended to supply for male childs from somewhat more flush backgrounds. These parish apprenticeships, which could be created with the acquiescence of two Justices of the Peace, supplied learners for businesss of lower position such as farm labouring, brick devising and humble family service. In the early old ages of the Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs began to defy the limitations of the apprenticeship system, and a legal opinion established that the Statute of Apprentices did non use to trades that were non in being when it was passed in 1563, therefore excepting many new eighteenth century industries. In 1814 compulsory apprenticeship by indentation was abolished. The consequence of this was the low end product of skilled forces in technological industries, which in bend relegated UK into the lower ranks of advanced societies. Since so Apprenticeship has ever been really popular and besides has been the most favoured by the assorted authoritiess. As employees, learners earn a pay and work aboard experient staff to derive job-specific accomplishments. Off the occupation, normally on a day-release footing, learners receive preparation to work towards nationally recognised makings. Anyone life in England, over 16 and non in full-time instruction can use. Apprenticeships can take between one and four old ages to finish depending on the degree of Apprenticeship, the learners ‘ ability and the industry sector. Train to Gain is the authorities ‘s flagship supplying accomplishments based developing to employees. Train to Gain is portion of the Governments Solutions for Business, a broad portfolio of extremely targeted, publically funded concern support merchandises and services, designed to helpA eligible English concerns grow and win. As the national accomplishments service Train to Derive: purposes to run into the demands of employers of all sizes and from all sectors to better the accomplishments of their employees as a path to bettering their concern public presentation purposes to promote all concerns and persons to value and gain the benefits that larning and accomplishments can convey is a valuable resource for employers, unlocking employees ‘ possible and increasing company productiveness A wide scope of preparation is covered – from basic degree accomplishments to Level 2, Level 3 and other higher-level accomplishments such as Leadership and Management. As of today Train to Derive is to stop by July 2011 and new support programme will replace it but it will merely fund degree 2 makings and most suppliers are expected to exchange to apprenticeships programmes. Coalition Government Policy: In acknowledgment of the turning importance of work based acquisition, the new Coalition Government in United Kingdom has lent its support to this industrial tendency: The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, commissioned Professor Alison Wolf of King ‘s College London to transport out an independent reappraisal of vocational instruction. She was asked to see how vocational instruction for 14- to 19-year-olds can be improvedA in order toA promote successful patterned advance into the labour market and into higher degree instruction and preparation paths. She was besides asked to supply practical recommendations to assist inform future policy way, taking into history current fiscal restraints. The reappraisal has been informed by over 400 pieces of grounds from the populace, a figure of visits to colleges, academies and developing suppliers, and interviews and treatment Sessionss with cardinal spouses in the sector, and cardinal recommendations in the reportA include the followers: incentivising immature people to take the most valuable vocational makings pre-16, whileA taking inducements to take big Numberss of vocational makings to the hurt of nucleus faculty member survey presenting rules to steer survey programmes for immature people on vocational paths post-16 to guarantee they are deriving accomplishments which will take to progression into a assortment of occupations or further acquisition, in peculiar, to guarantee that those who have non secured a good base on balls in English and mathematics in GCSE continue to analyze those topics measuring the bringing construction and content of apprenticeships to guarantee they present the right accomplishments for the workplace doing certain the regulative frameworkA moves quicklyA off from recognizing single makings to modulating presenting administrations taking the demand that all makings offered to 14- to 19-year-olds tantrum within the Qualifications and Credit Framework, which has had a damaging consequence on their rightness and has left spreads in the market enabling FE lectors and professionals to learn in schools, guaranting immature people are being taught by those best suitable Before the Learner Management Systems or package the coverage and tracking all of scholars, classs and coachs was done through the usage of a individual maestro spreadsheet. To enable studies to be compiled, transcripts of this maestro spreadsheet would be taken and edited, which proved to be cumbersome, non really effectual and really clip consuming. Besides these chief spreadsheets were merely available at the chief office which meant that any coach or scholars who would necessitate some information needs to come to the office or when transcripts of this spreadsheet were taken off site, which on occasion happened, nevertheless this so lead to issues with versions of the maestro as updates may hold been done to this dispersed sheet off site whist other members of staff may hold made alterations to the on site transcript. Leading to issues with truth of the overall maestro spreadsheet, this was one of the trouble faced by most suppliers before the Learner Management Systems like PICS and Maytas came in the image. PICS is the most popular Learner Management system used by the Work Based Learning Suppliers in England. The chief characteristics of PICS are – Research Methodology: The system of roll uping informations for research undertakings is known as research methodological analysis The research will be undertaken in two phases: a literature reappraisal on the usage of e-learning in work-based learning proviso, covering authorities strategic and research publications, research by the LSC, Becta, JSIC and other bureaus, academic diaries, industry-related web sites and publications, specific undertaking studies and ratings. desk research including interviews and questionnaires with directors and practicians – which involves admin staff, coachs, assessors and Internal Verifier. Exploratory surveies will be conducted to derive acquaintance with the topical countries and generate thoughts through the reappraisal of available literature from beginnings such as Becta research, LSC ( now Skill Funding Agency ) , JISC and others. Pilot interview – restructure the inquiries as necessary Pilot usage of questionnaire – restructure the inquiries as necessary Contact inside informations of assorted s Letters/Emails bespeaking purpose, purposes and aims of the survey would be sent out to different administrations presenting Work Based Learning proviso in Greater London. Online questionnaire or paper based questionnaires will be sent out to the directors of these administrations. Online Questionnaires or paper based questionnaires will be sent out to the bringing staff of the administrations presenting Train to Derive proviso. Interviews will be conducted with cardinal staff of the administrations bringing work based learning proviso Analysis of secondary informations such as becta research and published one-year studies and academic diaries. Consideration of the informations and forms found in all of the administrations will be used in concurrence with academic theory to seek to explicate the findings and reply the research aims posed in subdivision Mistake: Reference beginning non found. Validity and Reliability In the design of the research attack I have considered the followers: Internal cogency – Increased through usage of multiple beginnings of grounds, structured interviews and questionnaires ( both closed and unfastened inquiries ) . The design of inquiries and study will be based on apprehension of the theory from the literature and pilot testing of the interview and questionnaire will be used to do certain inquiries are understood as intended. External cogency – Multiple instances considered to analyze whether findings can be generalised over a figure of administrations. There is no demand to do a statistical analysis of the consequences for generalization here as the attack chosen examines patterns and their effectivity. The purpose is to explicate the findings and explore generalisability through a comparing of findings with theory. Reliability – Structured interviews with inquiries derived from literature in order to analyze instances in same manner. Surveies to endorse up the interviews and obtain positions from a wider group. Questionnaires all administered at the same clip and in controlled mode, account to guarantee participants all understand research in same manner. Research Ethical motives Please see Appendix A to this proposal, the Business School Ethics Review Form. This covers the chief points to be addressed here, but in drumhead: The interviewees and study participants will be given a clear written description of the intent, range and intended results of the research. The type of information required for the research will be clearly stated as will the policy for namelessness and confidentiality. The research will be carried out in a manner that will guarantee confidentiality of the participant administrations and the single participants in the studies. The administrations which participate in the research will non be named in the thesis, nor will the interviewees and the questionnaires will be anon. . The interview inquiries and questionnaire will be designed to analyze merely the patterns of KM, no confidential merchandise or client information will be required. Even so, I have highlighted this country for possible ethical struggle in subdivision 5 of the Ethics Review Form. This is because confidential information may be discussed in the interviews and besides commented upon in the questionnaires, this information will non be included in a manner which will transgress confidentiality in the thesis. The semi-structured interviews will get down with an organizational questionnaire to derive company information such as figure of employees, figure of research staff, one-year turnover, market sector, merchandises ( type, figure of different merchandises, merchandise volume and value ) . The balance will cover a series of unfastened ended inquiries to discourse the KM patterns in order to derive an apprehension of the attack taken, the construction and effectivity, how and why certain schemes work whilst others are less effectual. Each participant will be asked to reply indistinguishable inquiries, but the order of the inquiries will non needfully be fixed as this may take away from the flow of the interview. The study is intended to supplement informations from interviews and sample more widely the patterns and single perceptual experiences in the administration. The purpose is to derive an apprehension of how the cognition schemes work and besides the sentiments and apprehension of the employees. The questionnaire will hold structured inquiries with fit responses in order to map the KM features of the administration[ 1 ]. There will besides be unfastened inquiries for participants to do remarks on the assorted facets of KM in their administration My attack to the design of the interview and study is as follows: Preliminary model built on the reappraisal of theory from academic literature prior to design of questionnaires and structured interviews Pilot interview – restructure the inquiries as necessary Pilot usage of questionnaire – restructure the inquiries as necessary Interviews – notes taken during entering cardinal words and phrases and making full record instantly after interview Survey – questionnaires explained and handed out/ collected during session Chapter 4: Findings In this subdivision the responses obtained from the questionnaire administered to the users are summarized and are presented to help treatment in subdivision 5. 4.1 Management Staff Survey A sum of 21 questionnaires were obtained for the direction staff study but out of which 3 of them were non wholly filled and had batch of compulsory inquiries unfilled hence they were non included in the analysis. The demographic of the direction staff of Work Based Learning proviso who took portion are presented below – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.gov.uk/16to19/qualificationsandlearning/a0074953/review-of-vocational-education-the-wolf-report How to cite The Need And Importance Of Learner Management Systems Education Essay, Essay examples

J.C. Penney Gift Certificate Concerns Essay Example For Students

J.C. Penney Gift Certificate Concerns Essay J.C. Penney Gift Certificate ConcernsJ.C. Penney Company, Inc. has recently introduced a new point of sale (POS) system developed by NCR Corporation into their stores. In the first six months of operation, it has become apparent that there are unanticipated problems with the accounting and control functions pertaining to gift certificates. The new POS system does not provide for adequate tracking or control of the certificates on the sales floor, store level sales audit has inadequate procedures or data capture capabilities in place to track sales accurately and assign responsibility for missing certificates, and corporate accounting has no control over the gift certificate accounting on the store level and are constantly struggling to reconcile gift certificate information. Problems on the Sales FloorAt the POS terminals on the sales floor, gift certificates are being stored underneath the cash register in a drawer with no security or control. The security and control of gift certificates has been overlooked during the drafting of the procedures for the new POS system. As a result, the security and control on gift certificates on the sales floor that had been in place with the old system has simply stopped. Employees are purely on the â€Å"honor† system. When sales associates ring up a gift certificate sale they have to key 1) the appropriate twelve-digit SKU from a list of 3 choices, and 2) a dollar value for the gift certificate shown on the face. For example, SKU #1 represented the $25 gift certificate, SKU#2 represented the $50 gift certificate, and SKU #3 represented the $100 gift certificate. After the sales transaction is complete, the sales associate must manually record the dollar value of the gift certificate on their cash audit report. During times of high volume, sometimes this final step is overlooked. Typically, the cashiers are just keying SKU #1 for any gift certificate sale and keying in the appropriate dollar value from the face of the gift certificate. The SKU’s are not electronically tied to a dollar value. This is a limitation of the previous POS system that was not addressed during the testing stage of the new system. Therefore, the error rate is very high and discrepancies in gift certificate sales are common. At the close of the shift, an electronic cashier report is generated on the register that just shows a total dollar amount tied to a SKU. This electronic cashier report is returned to the cash room along with the receipts and the hand-written cash audit report. Problems in Store Level Sales AuditWhen the cash audit report comes back to the office with the bag of receipts and the electronic cashier report, calculations are performed on the manual cash audit report to identify the amount of gift certificates sold. This is compared to the electronic cashier report. If there are discrepancies, sales audit clerks are required to use the electronic cashier report as the â€Å"correct† report for auditing purposes. The dollar amount of the gift certificates sold is recorded on a monthly gift certificate log and a new running monthly balance is calculated. Any new gift certificates received from the corporate office are recorded on another log and the acknowledgement of receipt (from inside the book) is signed by a member of management and returned to corporate accounting. At the end of the month, records of gift certificate receipts (disbursements from corporate), records of gift certificate sales, and other accounting records are forwarded to corporate accounting for verification after an attempt on the store level for reconciliation. Problems in Corporate AccountingStore managers are responsible for calling and authorizing a book of gift certificates to be dispersed for their store. When this occurs, the gift certificates are retrieved from the vault, the book number is logged, and the dollar value of the book is tentatively charged to the store. When the acknowledgement of receipt from the store is received, it is compared against the store’s records, the charge for the gift certificates is confirmed, and then the acknowledgement is filed away. Once a month, corporate accounting receive sales audit information from the stores and attempts to reconcile, but typically have no better luck than the store level audit clerks. .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .postImageUrl , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:hover , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:visited , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:active { border:0!important; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:active , .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711 .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ad8daf666c266f06b2184b32955d711:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PCs are Better than Macs for Home Users EssayAnalysis of ProblemIt is very evident that there needs to be a drastic change in the J.C. Penney gift certificate tracking procedure from corporate accounting all the way down to the sales floor. Lax security and control, poor procedures, and inadequate testing of the hardware and software involved has created a very unstable situation with potentially large ramifications. Without quick remedy, potential financial losses could be staggering. In looking at this project, it is important to prioritize the underlying problems that are creating the unstable environment. The areas that need to be addressed are point of sale, sales aud it, and corporate accounting respectively. First, and perhaps the most important, is to look at your sales floor and gain control of your gift certificates. These items are the same as cash and should be treated as such. Gain immediate control of your POS to track sales and establish accountability. Modify your POS, Sales Audit, and Corporate Accounting Procedures to implement tightly coordinated controls over the sale, sales audit, and accounting functions. Second, the inadequacies in the hardware and software need to be addressed. Can minor changes in the configuration of the hardware or minor changes in your software code eliminate potential methods of shrinkage? If not, can there be changes made to the gift certificate design to help eliminate shrinkage? Maybe it would take a combination of both. A definite audit trail of every transaction is a necessity. Give yourself the ability to audit each register transaction by transaction. Once control is achieved on the sales floor, the majority of problems in the back office sales audit area will take care of themselves. It is imperative, however, that a tight control on cash, as well as, gift certificates be maintained. When looking at possible hardware and/or software modifications on the sales floor, be sure to keep in mind that the back office sales audit area might benefit from having the ability to look at information in real time. After attacking the back office sales audit area and getting them lined out procedurally, things should also begin to shape up in the corporate accounting area. If the procedures pertaining to gift certificates on all three levels have been coordinated, cooperation between the different levels will be easier to foster. The gift certificate area of corporate accounting should only be in the business of procuring and dispersing gift certificates to retail stores, verifying sales audit information pertaining to the certificates, and reporting to upper management and other areas, information concerning gift certificate sales and redemption. After reasonable control over the immediate financial instability has been achieved, focus on each individual level that has been identified in the order of importance in more detail. Initially, the focus should have been on creating some security and control, clear lines of communication, consistent procedures and definite audit trails. Now the focal point should be on minute parts of each area of distress and priorities should be established to handle those items. Possible AlternativesIn the point of sale area, the general idea is â€Å"the simpler it is, the harder it is to make a mistake†. The entire POS process should be reviewed in its entirety to identify any areas that can be streamlined. After all, the shorter the line is, the happier the customer is. Can any changes be made in hardware or software configurations that would speed up the process? In this case, a change in software code coupled with a change in the design of the gift certificates to incorporate bar codes that tied a SKU number and a dollar value would certainly seem to make a huge difference on the error rate and make sales audit on the store level and the corporate level much easier. The number of keystrokes required per transaction on the sales floor could also be reduced with this change. The use of real-time POS information would also be beneficial to store management as well as management on the corporate level. .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .postImageUrl , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:hover , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:visited , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:active { border:0!important; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:active , .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7 .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e1f45f368afa128821f0f8f5c1765b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plastic surgery EssayFor the store level sales audit clerks, the sales audit process should be reviewed to see if software code changes (already suggested for POS) could be modified even further to automate the sales audit procedure where gift certificate information would simply be verified on the store level and passed on electronically to the corporate office eliminating the manual accounting. Receiving new gift certificates on the store level would be a simple matter of scanning the new book verifying receipt. No more manual logs. On the corporate accounting level, there would be very little paper generated during the sales audit process. Procurement of gift certificates could be enhanced reducing the on-hand inventory of gift certificates because management would be able to establish trends in gift certificate sales and order accordingly. Security and control would be significantly enhanced, and, theoretically, every gift certificate in circulation could be tracked individually allowing the company to know, at any moment in time, their gift certificate liability. The important thing to remember when you tackle a problem, regardless of the type, size, company, etc., is to involve the people directly affected by the problem in its resolution. Give them â€Å"ownership† of the problem and they will give you all the answers you need to make the most rational and logical decision. Business Essays

Motivation in Combat The German Soldier in World War II

Recent decades saw the publishing of a number of historical books, the authors of which promote essentially a revisionist outlook on the history of WW2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in Combat: The German Soldier in World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Omer Bartov’s Hitler’s army: Soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich represents a good example of such a literature, because in it, the author had made a point in trying to reveal the conceptual fallaciousness of an idea that, during the course of Germany’s campaign in Eastern front, Wehrmacht had fought in a gallant manner and that it is namely the Waffen SS, which should be solely blamed for the atrocities, committed against Soviet civilians through 1941-1944. According to Bartov, throughout the course of hostilities, German soldiers were becoming increasingly committed to Nazi ideology, which in its turn, had natura lly predisposed them towards conducting the ‘war of annihilation’: â€Å"Unable to rely on its hitherto highly successful Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht accepted Hitler’s view that this was an all-or-nothing struggle for survival, a ‘war of ideologies’ which demanded total spiritual commitment† (p. 4). Author strives to substantiate the soundness of this idea by pointing out to the fact that, throughout campaign’s initial stages, the representatives of ‘primary groups’ within German army (consisting of Prussian aristocratic officers) had been effectively eliminated due to a high atrocity rate. Therefore, through years 1942-1943, Wehrmacht had ceased being the army of professionals, in traditional sense of this word. Instead, it became the ‘army of civilians’, who compensated for their lack of military training with the sheer extent of their commitment to the Nazi cause: â€Å"Nazi propaganda did its utmost to convince the troops (Wehrmacht) that they were defending humanity against a demonic invasion† (p. 9). Hence, Bartov’s thesis – Wehrmacht used to indulge in genocidal actions against civilians in Russia to the same extent as it used to be the case with Waffen SS. Apparently, author implies that the very fact that German soldiers considered Russians sub-humans, had motivated them to fight to the bitter end.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, even though Bartov’s book contains a number of legitimate suggestions, as to the manner in which German army had fought the Soviets, it appears that in many cases author deliberately tried to misrepresent these suggestions’ actual significance. For example, unlike most contemporary historians, Bartov had proven himself being intellectually honest enough by dispelling the myth that in the summer of 1941 W ehrmacht enjoyed a complete technical and numerical superiority over the Red Army: â€Å"In June 1941 the Ostheer’s troops attacked with 3648 tanks. Facing it in Western Russia were†¦ no less than 15,000 tanks out of a total armored force of 24,000 – more than all the tanks in the rest of the world put together† (p. 15). Yet, author never bothered to come up with an explanation as to why, as of June 22, 1941, Soviets concentrated these tanks within 50-100 kilometers wide strip, along German border. The reason for this is simple – as it was being revealed by Suvorov (1990), Stalin himself was planning to invade Germany and consequentially the whole Europe as early as July 6, 1941.1 Therefore, Germany’s attack on Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 was essentially preventive. Had Bartov mentioned the true reason for Hitler’s attack on USSR, his academic reputation would have been damaged – after all, as we are being well aware of, B ritish most prominent historian David Irving had spent three years in Austrian jail due to being charged with ‘historical revisionism’. In its turn, this explains why, despite Bartov’s intention to provide readers with rather unconventional insight onto the actual realities of Germany’s war against Soviet Union, his book’s discursive suggestions appear utterly conformist. As we have mentioned earlier, Bartov claims that it was German soldiers’ ideologically inspired hate of Russian ‘sub-humans’ that motivated them to indulge in genocidal activities: â€Å"Because they were fighting against Untermenschen (sub-humans), the troops were allowed to treat them with great brutality† (p. 71). Moreover, just as it has traditionally been the case with Communist historians, Bartov also refers to Germany’s war against USSR as the classical war of conquest, instigated by Hitler’s intention to expand his country’s à ¢â‚¬Ëœliving space’: â€Å"The German invasion of Russia, intended to create a vast new Lebensraum for the Aryan race† (p. 73).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in Combat: The German Soldier in World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, while working on his book, author remained quite ignorant as to the fact that the term Untermenscben has never been applied to Russians en masse, but only to Communist officials, Commissars and to their puppets among locals. Otherwise, there would not be more then million of former Soviet subjects fighting along the side with Germans in Russian Liberation Army and as volunteers in Waffen SS divisions. Also, the expansion of Lebensraum (living space) has never been Hitler’s priority – had he been truly concerned with the expansion of Lebensraum, he would have proceeded with occupying Southern France, instead of embarking upon th e conquest of Russia’s snowy plains. The same can be said about Bartov’s treatment of the subject of ‘atrocities’. According to the author, it was due to German soldiers being ideologically brainwashed that they used to deal with Soviet partisans rather harshly. Yet, the actual explanation to is more banal – according to the Geneva Convention of 1927, partisans were never considered a legitimate combatants, which is why, upon being caught shooting at Germans from behind without wearing the uniform of an opposing army, they used to be treated as spies. After all, Americans, British and Soviets acted in essentially similar manner, while addressing the issue of armed resistance, on the part of German civilians in Germany’s occupied territories. Thus, unlike what Bartov would like readers to believe, it was namely German soldiers’ rationale-driven considerations of protecting their homeland, which had motivated them to fight Soviets on Eas tern front – not their ideological commitment to the Nazi cause.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After having captured the huge amounts of Soviet military equipment, located right along the border, and after having been exposed to the actual realities of how Soviet citizens lived in ‘workers’ paradise’, even those German soldiers with Communist past became instantly convinced that Germany’s cause in the war against USSR was absolutely just. In his book, Bartov quotes from the letter of a German soldier Egon Freitag, dated August 28, 1941: â€Å"We were never mercenaries, but – to use the hackneyed phrase – defenders of the Fatherland† (p. 34). As author had rightly pointed out: â€Å"For him (Freitag)†¦ Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union was a defensive operation† (p. 34). Therefore, the overall thesis of Bartov’s book as to the fact that Wehrmacht soldiers’ willingness to fight to the bitter end in Russia came as the result of these soldiers being continuously subjected to Nazi propaganda, doe s not stand much of a ground. The actual explanation for is much simpler – German soldiers did not want Communist Commissars to be allowed to do in Germany what they had done in Russia – pure and simple. Nazi propaganda had very little to do with it. References Bartov, O. (1992). Hitler’s army: Soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich.  Oxford, Oxford University Press. Suvorov, V. (1990). Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? London, Hamish Hamilton. Footnotes 1 Suvorov, V. (1990). Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? London, Hamish Hamilton. 82 p. This essay on Motivation in Combat: The German Soldier in World War II was written and submitted by user Trevor A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Meiosis Study Guide, Overview and Diagrams

Meiosis Study Guide, Overview and Diagrams Overview of Meiosis Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In some respects, meiosis is very similar to the process of mitosis, yet it is also fundamentally different from mitosis.The two stages of meiosis are meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Each of the resulting daughter cells has one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Before a dividing cell enters meiosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase.During interphase the cell increases in mass, synthesizes DNA and protein, and duplicates its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. Meiosis I Meiosis I encompasses four stages: Prophase I - chromosomes condense and begin migrating toward the metaphase plate. Metaphase I - chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase I - homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite cell poles. Telophase I - cytoplasm divides producing two cells with a haploid number of chromosomes. Sister chromatids remain together. Meiosis II Meiosis II encompasses four stages: Prophase II - chromosomes begin migrating to the metaphase II plate. Metaphase II - chromosomes align at the metaphase II plate. Anaphase II - sister chromatids separate and begin moving to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase II - new nuclei form around daughter chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides. At the end of meiosis II, four daughter cells are produced. Each of these resulting daughter cells is haploid. Meiosis ensures that the correct number of chromosomes per cell is preserved during sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, haploid gametes unite to form a diploid cell called a zygote. In humans, male and female sex cells contain 23 chromosomes and all other cells contain 46 chromosomes. After fertilization, the zygote contains two sets of chromosomes for a total of 46. Meiosis also ensures that genetic variation occurs through genetic recombination that happens between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Stages, Diagrams, and Quiz OverviewStages of MeiosisMeiosis DiagramsGlossary of TermsQuiz Next Stages of Meiosis

Moon as a character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moon as a character - Essay Example The centrifugal elements of the story have served to also deliver a sense of shock value to those who hear it. These main elements are Salome herself, so beautiful and enchanting that her own stepfather Herod the king, is smitten by her. This is an incestual element which is certainly edgy enough to gain attention. Secondly, a man of God who claims to be a prophet, is so hated that he is murdered in a brutal way in order to please a beautiful woman. These elements are just the surface of a thicket of metaphorical allegory. The moon is of course something of a constant. Certainly, we assume that in any story taking place on this planet, the moon is automatically thought to be lurking overhead in the night. This however, is not the only place for the moon in this particular tale. Salome uses numerous references to ‘white’ which is thought to in essence, represent the moon. Additionally, the story has two human voyeurs, the page and the Syrian. It is the page who is smitten or hypnotized by the moon but really, the moon is serving as a metaphor for princess Salome. This gives a circular quality to the story and reminds the reader that on one layer, there are these people of royalty who are in fact subject to voyeurs. Princess Salome is the object of her stepfather Herod’s voyeurism as well as the voyeurism of the page and the Syrian. Beyond this layer, the voyeurs are subject to the moon itself as it looms overhead as a distant but present voyeur. The moon in fact, is the voyeur watch ing this entire story unfold. Getting back to the nature of the story’s conflicts, it is both an incestual situation materializing which leads to the brutal murder and sadistic handling of a man of God. The piece is entirely fashioned around an emphasis on the dark side of human beings with the additional almost cautionary sense that someone is always watching. This is perhaps the heaviest and most impressive metaphor used in the piece between the moon and

Indian Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indian Art - Essay Example This artwork is in the form of a stone sculpture have dimensions of 26 x 34.9 cm (10.25 x 13.75 in.) done on schist material. The sculpture depicts a Hercules holding a lion’s skin and learning on a stick, while looking back at an approaching Nemean lion. The wresting scene is what connects this sculpture to the Greco-Roman period where man used to fight with animals such as lions in a big arena and, if they triumphed over the lion, would then be crowned as a hero.2 Also, Greco-Roman art has a theme of depicting people fighting and the only difference with this sculpture is that Greco-Roman art focused mainly on men fighting not men with animals. Some of the earliest schist or stone sculptures can be traced back to Indians. Others argue that they are the ones who started curving stones to produce art. Thus, this sculpture can be traced back to the Indians.3 Also, worshipping of idols was also widespread among Indians as it still today. Such a sculpture depicting a Hercules as a hero is a form of idol worship in the eyes of any critics can be considered as idol because people are praising him through an object. This sculpture, according to Behrendt, is part of a set of 21 panels, which inflated the stairway of a stupa, most probably on the western part of the Swat valley. 4 The treatment of the structure of these athletic men is fascinating in terms of both the schematization and naturalism of the musculature relating to the men of the Greco-Roman era. The oars that they have and the acanthus foliage that appear to nurture out of their bodies propose that they are marine deities like those of the Greco-Roman age. 5 The sculpture is done on Serpentinite and its dimensions are H. 16.8 cm (6 5/8 in.) and 43.2 cm (W. 17 in.). On an Indian art, holding a sword symbolized eradication of vices, like this men in the sculpture look as if they are from a fight and they have triumphed

How does learning effect your life now. details below Essay

How does learning effect your life now. details below - Essay Example This accountability may not enhance the adequate decision making skills which a person requires to live perfect life, but what this accountability does, is to offer us with solutions or alternatives, which make life easy and peaceful with a high element of acceptance and broader vision to see different aspects to life. The issues can be petty, but they bring about a whole enormous chain of changes ahead. What I truly believe and have learned throughout the course is that it is important to keep a check on oneself and the gratifications around. Humans are extremely unpredictable species, they want pleasure and fun, but it bores them eventually; so life offers different phases and challenges, in which miseries enable one to learn to be grateful of what one already has. Of course, perfection is something that doesn’t exist, but somewhere on the way, it is a fair possibility that a person masters the art of excellence, Vince Lombardi believed. When I first started my self-examinat ion I was convinced, prior to the reflection, that I am a person who knows everything about himself. However, it turned out to be that I’m completely flawed, or was, at that point in time. Of course, I haven’t really understood myself completely and I’m still in the process of doing so, but I do appreciate whatever I have learned throughout the entire experience. ... This view is very generic these days; everyone believes that others are not wise. The truth is the person holds such opinion about others merely believes in others. Linking another thought from the same philosopher is about knowledge. A person cannot possibly know everything, but this he knows for sure and that what his span of knowledge. To relate to the Philosopher’s heedful analysis of knowledge and wisdom, I have my own personal experience to share. A friend once said to me, about how preposterously I discuss the random mundane matters, and was only being judgmental. Now I realize by deeply analyzing my actions and perspective regarding others, that one tends to act in such manner every once in a while. Yes, but my speaking ‘Preposterously’ of the mundane has everything to do with how I wanted myself to appear. Though, I knew that trivial matters in chat often change one’s image in others perspective and I held the same opinion about others, but unconsc iously I acted in the same manner. I adapted the impulsive style and became someone I never was, or acted in a manner that I despised myself. Although, I did not like my friend being judgemental about me, but eventually I realized that the dear friend has showed be a personality trait of mine, which I never knew before. Another thought that I reflected upon throughout this whole process is that even though friend of mine might be a different person, and he may not have reflected upon it as yet. He enabled me to reflect upon something which never came across to me and that I gathered while I was trying to figure out myself. I am not implying, but just imagining the endless possibilities of personalities in this world, who are doing the same and not realizing.

The women in development perspective

The women in development perspective In the last three decades, the recruitment of women into the modern sector has been at the centre of the development debate in developing countries. Despite many years of practical feminist activity and numerous studies of everyday life, progress towards gender equality still reflects a growing concern. The term women in development is primarily used to refer to operational objectives that incorporate women into the development process. Consequently, this paper will argue that the women in development perspective (WID) provides a useful approach because it clearly explores many dimensions of womens subordination issue in capitalist countries and analyses gender division of labour which explain the durability of gender inequality, followed by concrete solutions such as incorporating women into development and providing women with training and education. With Perspective explained that the reason of gender inequality in development countries is rooted in the principles of womens subordination. First of all, it is noteworthy that womens invisibility and the unequal treatments are not limited to the house area, but exist in all area of society. Keeping in mind that the patriarchal system that placed women under the authority of fathers or husband. Is certainly, taken to mean the dominance of all men over all women. Patriarchy seems to impose itself in gender relation as well as within capitalist society (Martinez, 2009). I believe that patriarchy is what produces gender divisions because the use of this word characterizes a domestic mode of production in which men as a class exploit women as a class. It is true that the system in which we live tends to make people perceive women as domestic labourers which reduces them to the subordinate positions of minors therefore women are expected to produce labour power by looking after her husba nd and children (Martinez, 2009). It is worthy to point out that the title housewife is an evidence of deterioration in the position of women because people see industrialisation as a separation of home and work therefore creates gender inequality. In fact, men have organized capitalism in a way that they maintain patriarchal power, both within the market work and within the home. Basically, men extract surplus labour from women; this is shown with the example of south Asia when the micro-credit program was introduced. Searchers have indicated that most of the credit contracted by women end up in activities controlled by the man of the house (Pearson, p. 397). However, based on my understanding of capitalism, I support that women domestic labour which is used to explain gender division which subordinate women should be considered important because even if it is often forgotten, womens domestic labour make a direct economic contribution in capitalist society in term of reproduction. Pursuing this thought further, the male domination is frequently seen as a strategy for development process because its aim is to shift the burden of women form the development and create a complete hegemonic masculinities which means that the capitalist societies with a high masculinity expectation is specifically looking for certain ways of being and behaving that are associated with dominance and power. This is usual encouraged in male and discouraged in female (Pearson, p. 401). The truth is that as long as this ideology stays the driven force in developing countries, there will always be a durability of gender inequalities. It is relevant that male violence towards women has s long history which led to the establishment of patriarchy and represents therefore a real creation of male dominance. Keeping in mind that power emanates from force, it weighs the point that men have used numerous practices of subordination such as violence against women to maintain male domination in the house (Martinez, 2009). Unfortunately, male domination exists in all societies therefore; it becomes the universal explanation of the gender inequalities. The perspective argues that the major complexity of gender inequality is based on the gender division in labour. When looking at the work market, it is relevant that there is a big difference in types of jobs women and men do, the pay they receive, the hours they work and the skills they acquire. Therefore, the society has depicted as we call mens work and womens work proving that workforce in capitalist society is divided and attributed according to gender with womens work being the lower. As stated above, this difference is the reason why people consistently value mens work and regard it as demanding a certain level of skill which most womens work lacks. As a matter of fact, Pearson explains that the Ecofeminism has been established from the idea of women as environmental managers because people link both spiritual and conceptual sense between women and nature therefore, think that environmental conservation is more appropriate to women (Pearson, p. 391). This hard gender segregati on of the workforce is what makes it difficult for women to achieve equal pay with men. Men most of time occupy the skilled sectors of the workplace for example, in Canada; one is more likely to encounter a male manager and female secretary and never the opposite. Looking at this situation, I can only think that despite the so called equality legislation, the adjustment of earnings between men and women is painfully slow. The perspective provides various solutions to close the gap between men and women. Will be considered only two of them in this paper: the integration of women in development and provide required education and training to women. The first general solution of the strategy is to implemented women in development process both as agents and as beneficiaries. This proposition is very interesting because it implies that women should be assigned with a particular roles and responsibilities which put them in position to contribute fully in the economic growth. However, the problem with this solution is that it does not solve the issue of womens subordination. Also, speaking of role, how long will it last? Of course, women in development policy recognizes that development must involve both women and men in order to be more effective. In the same thought, capitalist societies are willing to integrate women in development process by creating more and more jobs whether full time or part time, most ly part time jobs in the idea of accommodating women who have family therefore making womens participation in workplace extremely low. I think that women in development perspective misses the point here because, the problem is not that women are left out but that they are integrated into a shaped gender division labour which always put them in a position of subordinates therefore no matter what particular role women play, it does not change the fact that women are still disadvantaged relative to men. Basically, the solution does not resolve the contradiction because it restricts the choice of jobs open to women and I do not think that encouraging part time employment suggest any possibility of future changes in womens social status and economic relationships. The second solution is to provide women with the required training and education. Indeed, in developing countries, the prestige of receiving an education and training may be the key factor in setting womens participation in development. The point if I understand well is to eliminate illiteracy and basic education by introducing whatever new programs. For sure this will reduce any obstacles to the participation of women in the economic growth. Moreover, I think this solution is reasonable because the reality is that in developing countries, the lack of knowledge and essential training has led to the development in which women are excluded as participants. However, there is a little concern about this project. When looking around the world, one can notice that women face barriers in education because of religious, economic and cultural consideration. For instance, in term of economic, not all women possess the resources needed to pay the education fees. In addition, the program itself must meet the women availability such as the time of the day, the duration of the program and its location. Another thing that is wrong with this proposition is that the education and the training do not reflect or they are not linked to employment opportunities that will permit them to put in application what they have learnt. Furthermore, in this context, it is particularly illuminating to examine the field of the program because if the training is for example focusing on liberal art, then I think it would be a waste of time because it might not be necessary linked to a job opportunity. Finally, as it appears, several of the constitutive explanations of gender inequalities in developing countries is that in thinking about womens subordination and the gender division labour, one must accord full weight to their affects on the development process. Indeed, the women in development perspective provides a useful approach and offers concrete solutions, even if they still show some concern. One must actually pause and recognizes that the task is to learn how to participate in a constructive development and to put committed efforts in order to apply those solutions in the social relations and redress the worldwide gender inequality.

The Feel Good Hormone Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Nature's Own: The Feel Good Hormone Sex feels good, that is why people do it for more than simply procreation. Laughing is enjoyable, for that reason people search for things that amuse them. Touch is pleasing, therefore the massage business thrives. These things can become addictive due to the pleasurable effect that they produce. People have been exercising obsessively for a long time but only recently was an idea postulated as an explanation. Laughter often begets laughter and in large doses, has the ability to make one feel high. We do what makes us feel good; human beings are naturally pleasure seekers. It is said that with drugs your first high is the best and never able to be duplicated. What keeps people using drugs, despite the downfalls associated with use, is that eternal quest for that ethereal feeling that they experienced the very first time. Pleasurable activities, like exercising, sex, laughter, touch, etc. can all become dangerously addictive. Some people will do anything and everything for 'that fix". So what is it that makes people search for the next high, or feel good experience? Exercise, sex, laughter, and touch all produce positive effects within the body via chemicals in the brain. These chemicals are called endorphins, a mixture of the two words endogenous, meaning from within the body, and morphine, a powerful pain fighting drug that is also used and abused for recreational purposes. Endorphins are the body's internal pain regulators. The drug opium has been used recreationally as early in the ancient Greek, Roman, and Egyptian cultures. British physician, Thomas Syndenham brought opium to the public to be used for medicinal purposes around sixteen-eighty. By the end of the seventeen-twenties o... ...ing the individual's delicate, natural balance needed for survival. WWW Sources 1)Heroin http://weber.u.washington.edu/~chudler/hero.html 2) The Discovery of Endorphins http://www.methadone.org/discover.html 3)Endorphin, http://sun.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/medical/endo.html 4)Endorphin http://sun.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/medical/endo.html 5)Endorphin http://sun.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/medical/endo.html 6)Endrophine http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/1 7)Endorphin http://sun.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/medical/endo.html 8)Natural Power of Endorphins http://www.biotech-usa.com/endorp.htm 9)How Endorphins Work for You http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/1 10)How Endorphins Work for You http://parenting.ivillage.com/ 11)Chile Peppers http://parenting.ivillage.com/

America as a Land of Prosperity in the 1920’s

America as a Land of Prosperity in the 1920's is the story of Americans who searched for equality. Yes, for some individuals America was a land of prosperity in the 1920's. The First World War sparked Americas rise in prosperity. As no fighting took place on American soil there were virtually no reparations to be paid, also America had entered the war late and therefore, had not spent nearly as much money as the big European countries such as France, Britain, and Germany. This left America in a very prosperous position. Another key reason to Americas rise in prosperity was a man named Henry Ford. Henry Ford was a car producer who thought of the â€Å"mass production† method. This method used assembly line techniques, whereby each stage of the car production was carried out by a different team of workers who specialized souly in their specific area. This had a huge impact! The method was introduced in 1913 and by 1929; 26 million cars were registered in the U. S. A compared to only 9 million in 1920. That is an increase of nearly 300% in just 9 years! However, the benefits of the ford company stretched beyond just the automobile industry during the 1920's, people also started moving into the cities from the rural areas. In 1920 more than 50% of people lived in the cities which were an increase of more than 50%. Another reason for the rise in prosperity was the introduction of hire-purchase, whereby you put a deposit down on an item that you wanted, and paid installments on that item with interest, so you would pay back more than the price for the item. High purchases were easy to get and people got into debt without any real planning for the future. In the 1920's it just seemed to be the case, that if you wanted something, then you got it, this had a major economic impact; somebody had to make what was bought. This was the era before robot technology and work done by laborers. The person who made that product would get paid and he would not save all of the money. He, too, would spend some of it, and someone else; would have to make more items, so he would get paid and so the cycle continued. By the mid-1920's America was booming. Sales of items, which were once, were considered a luxury such as radios, cars, and other new-on-the market items had rocketed, as had both the average and the minimum wage. The average annual wage for that decade was $1236. 00, a huge increase. Perhaps the fact that highlights most America's rise in prosperity is between 1919 and 1929 Americas GNP rose from 72. 4 billion (1919) to 104 billion (1929) which is around a 75% increase. The boom also led to record low unemployment levels. This was due to the growth of many other businesses and the demand for more workers. The 1920's also saw the construction of towering skyscraper such as the Chrysler building for the first time. However, not all businesses and cultures shared in this â€Å"prosperity†. The farming industry was hit hard, particularly in the south, as some northern farmers found prosperity due to the increase in the demand for fresh fruit as more people could afford, no thanks to the rise in wages. The farmers earned very little money as a result, lived a very poor lifestyle with poor housing; no fresh water and some even faced eviction from their homes. The farmers did not share in the prosperity mainly because of the loss of the foreign markets. (The Fordney-Mcumber tariff act, put tariffs on imported goods at an all time high causing foreign countries to apply the same tariffs to America) Many blacks did not share in the prosperity either. They were discriminated by the White Americans who claimed they were â€Å"polluting their country†. As a result of this, many black people living in slums or â€Å"ghettos† as they were named. In 1926 a survey found that there were over 200,000 unemployed black people in the south alone. America even had its own low-grade facilities for black people and white people to use. For example, white and colored drinking taps with the white drinking tap being of the higher standard. These laws were referred to as Jim Crow laws. But through all the intolerance some black people did do well and did prosper. Black musicians, poets, and politicians emerged. One of the most famous politicians of his time was Marcus Garvey. Garvey was the founder member of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), which encouraged black people. Garvey eventually got deported back to Jamaica for Tax fraud. Other Immigrants such as Mexicans and Italians also suffered similarly hard times. Millions of immigrants were allowed into America in the 1900's, where free land and job opportunity became available, but towards the end of the 1920's this was not so much the case. America was letting more and more immigrants in and it had to stop. They devised a literacy test to bring the numbers down. But problems existed with the immigrants that were already in the country. The number of job opportunities had fallen and the majority of migrants were competing for the lowest paid jobs. This often led to racial tension within the ethnic groups. So to sum things up, in general America was a land of prosperity, but weather you shared in this prosperity or not depended largely on your ethnic background and location in the country you lived. We’re still faced with a matter of equality today; People with diverse ethnic backgrounds still are not privilege to being treating equal. They continue to find a way to prevail in America regardless of the laws that government themselves make available only for those who seek a higher power or level of authority. Therefore, the question still remain, is America as a Land of Prosperity?

The Short Run and the Long Run in Economics

The Short Run and the Long Run in Economics In economics, its extremely important to understand the distinction between the short run and the long run. As it turns out, the definition of these terms depends on whether they are being used in a microeconomic or macroeconomic context. There are even different ways of thinking about the microeconomic distinction between the short run and the long run. Production Decisions The long run is defined as the time horizon needed for a producer to have flexibility over all relevant production decisions. Most businesses make decisions not only about how many workers to employ at any given point in time (i.e. the amount of labor)  but also about what scale of an operation (i.e. size of factory, office, etc.) to put together and what production processes to use. Therefore, the long run is defined as the time horizon necessary not only to change the number of workers but also to scale the size of the factory up or down and alter production processes as desired. In contrast, economists often  define the short run as the time horizon over which the scale of an operation is fixed and the only available business decision is the number of workers to employ. (Technically, the short run could also represent a situation where the amount of labor is fixed and the amount of capital is variable, but this is fairly uncommon.)  The logic is that even taking various labor laws as a given, its usually easier to hire and fire workers than it is to significantly change a major production process or move to a new factory or office. (One reason for this likely has to do with long-term leases and such.) As such, the short run and the long run with respect to production decisions can be summarized as follows:   Short run: Quantity of labor is variable but the quantity of capital and production processes are fixed (i.e. taken as a given).Long run: Quantity of labor, the quantity of capital, and production processes are all variable (i.e. changeable). Measuring Costs The long run is sometimes defined as the time horizon over which there are no sunk fixed costs. In general, fixed costs are those that dont change as production quantity changes. In addition, sunk costs are those that cant be recovered after they are paid. A lease on a corporate headquarters, for example, would be a sunk cost if the business has to sign a lease for the office space. Furthermore, it would be a fixed cost because, after the scale of the operation is decided on, its not as though the company will need some incremental additional unit of headquarters for each additional unit of output it produces. Obviously the company would need a larger headquarters if it decided to make a significant expansion, but this scenario refers to the long-run decision of choosing a scale of production. There are no truly fixed costs in the long run since the firm is free to choose the scale of operation that determines the level at which the costs are fixed. In addition, there are no sunk costs in the long run, since the company has the option of not doing business at all and incurring a cost of zero. In summary, the short run and the long run in terms of cost can be summarized as follows:   Short run: Fixed costs are already paid and are unrecoverable (i.e. sunk).Long run: Fixed costs have yet to be decided on and paid, and thus are not truly fixed. The two definitions of the short run and the long run are really just two ways of saying the same thing since a firm doesnt incur any fixed costs until it chooses a quantity of capital (i.e. scale of production) and a production process. Market Entry and Exit Economists differentiate between the short run and the long run with regard to market dynamics as follows: Short run: The number of firms in an industry is fixed (even though firms can shut down and produce a quantity of zero).Long run: The number of firms in an industry is variable since firms can enter and exit the marketplace. Microeconomic Implications The distinction between the short run and the long run has a number of implications for differences in market behavior, which can be summarized as follows: The Short Run: Firms will produce if the market price at least covers variable costs, since fixed costs have already been paid and, as such, dont enter the decision-making process.Firms profits can be positive, negative, or zero. The Long Run: Firms will enter a market if the market price is high enough to result in positive profit.Firms will exit a market if the market price is low enough to result in negative profit.If all firms have the same costs, firm profits will be zero in the long run in a competitive market. (Those firms that have lower costs can maintain positive profit even in the long run.) Macroeconomic Implications In macroeconomics, the short run is generally defined as the time horizon over which the wages and prices of other inputs to production are sticky, or inflexible, and the long run is defined as the period of time over which these input prices have time to adjust. The reasoning is that output prices (i.e. prices of products sold to consumers) are more flexible than input prices (i.e. prices of materials used to make more products) because the latter is more constrained by long-term contracts and social factors and such. In particular, wages are thought to be especially sticky in a downward direction since workers tend to get upset when an employer tries to reduce compensation, even when the economy overall is experiencing a downturn. The distinction between the short run and the long run in macroeconomics is important because many macroeconomic models conclude that the tools of monetary and fiscal policy have real effects on the economy (i.e. affect production and employment) only in the short run and, in the long run, only affect nominal variables such as prices and nominal interest rates and have no effect on real economic quantities.

Roman Law essays

Roman Law essays The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that they are descended from Romulus, who's father was Mars, the god of war. Their government loving tendencies have caused many, many civil wars. After any type of government, the change has been made with a civil war. There have also been many civil wars between rulers. But it all boils down to wanting to be involved in government. When the Greeks finally entered Troy after ten long years of siege, a man named Aeneas escaped the city with his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius. They went to Mt. Ida, where they were to meet Aeneas' wife, Creusa, but she never showed up. Saddened, Aeneas acquired a boat and sailed around the Mediterranean. He bounced around from Asia Minor to Greece to Crete looking for a place to found a new Troy, but he couldn't find a satisfactory place. As told by Homer in the Aeneid, Aeneas was cared for by the gods. Venus, in particular, was very worried about him. She asked Jupiter, king of the gods about "Since you are so consumed with anxiety for Aeneas, The hidden pages of fate and speak of the future. He shall conduct a great campaign for you And conquer all Italy and its haughty peoples. He shall impose laws on his own people And build walled cities for them; the third summer Shall see him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians [an Italian tribe] subdued. It is he who shall consolidate your power- For thirty years with all their turning months;...